Navigating the European aquatic eDNA landscape: Opportunities for metadata standardisation and data mobilisation

Summary

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a transformative tool for monitoring aquatic biodiversity, offering a non-invasive and highly sensitive approach to detecting organisms across diverse ecosystems. However, its effective downstream application across Europe in environmental management is hindered by inconsistencies in data standardisation, metadata reporting, and accessibility. This perspective comprehensively evaluates current data repositories, data submission workflows, and standardisation efforts within the European aquatic eDNA landscape. By employing a multi-method approach, including an inventory of eDNA databases, a metadata assessment, a stakeholder questionnaire, and a generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven analysis of scientific literature, our findings reveal substantial variability in metadata reporting practices, with several areas misaligned with Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles. While some repositories demonstrate strong data curation and accessibility, others lack essential metadata descriptors, limiting interoperability. We identify critical gaps in metadata submission, particularly concerning sampling methods and wet lab workflows, which heavily impact data reusability. The use of generative AI in this study further enabled large-scale identification of recurring reporting weaknesses, highlighting structural challenges that extend beyond individual studies. Addressing these gaps and leveraging advanced computational approaches through international standards and harmonised guidelines represents a clear way forward, as articulated in the recent “Making eDNAFAIR” paper by Takahashi et al. (2025), which is based on the use of Darwin Core (DwC) and Genomics Standards Consortium (GSC) MIxS standards, as well as Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)’s “Publishing DNA-derived data through biodiversity data platforms” guidelines. Furthermore, additional complementary principles strengthen this framework. The Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, Ethics (CARE) principles emphasise Indigenous data governance and responsible sample stewardship, while the Transparency, Responsibility, User focus, Sustainability, Technology (TRUST) principles provide criteria for repository reliability and long-term digital preservation. Together, the combined application of FAIR, CARE, and TRUST principles provides a structured foundation for ensuring robust, interoperable, and ethically managed eDNA data that support aquatic biodiversity research, management, and conservation across Europe.