Trends and patterns in surface water chemistry in Europe and North America between 1990 and 2020, with a focus on calcium

Research report

Year of publication: 2024
External websites: Nasjonalt vitenarkiv
Involved from NIVA: Rolf David Vogt; Kari Austnes; Cathrine Brecke Gundersen; James Edward Sample; Heleen de Wit
Contributors: Rolf David Vogt, Jens Arle, Kari Austnes, Herman Van Dam, Martyn Futter, Jens Fölster, Cathrine Brecke Gundersen, Scott N. Higgins, Daniel Houle, Jakub Hruska, Agnieszka Kolada, Don Monteith, Andrew Paterson, Michela Rogora, James Edward Sample, John Stoddard, Sandra Steingruber, Rafał Ulańczyk, Jussi Vuorenmaa, Heleen de Wit Show all

Summary

The report presents trends in major anions and cations, pH, TOC and bicarbonate in surface waters in Europe and North America from 1990 to 2020. Special attention is given to trends in calcium, which showed some unexpected increases. The trends in calcium are analysed in relation to changes in bicarbonates, organic anions, and deposition loads. The surface waters show strong signs of chemical recovery.